News from the vineyard - Spring Frosts in Burgundy

April 6, 2022

By Victoire Chabert

Interview with Lucie Germain from Domaine Henri Germain & Fils, Meursault

Domaine Henri Germain et Fils began life in 1973 when Henri Germain – from the same family as Domaine Château de Chorey-les Beaune – decided to set up on his own estate. Henri’s son Jean-François Germain was joined in 2018 by his daughter Lucie who is now helping to run this small (8ha) domaine. Jean-François is married to Sophie, François Jobard's daughter and Antoine Jobard’s sister.  In the vineyards they follow as natural a system of viticulture as possible (organic). 75% of the domaine's production is white wine, and they are among the very best examples of White Burgundy. I conducted this interview with Lucie a few days after the frost of the night of April 3 to 4 which I wanted to learn more about.

1) Can you explain the effect of frost on the vineyard?

There are several types of frosts which occur in different seasons, but we will talk about the spring frost, which we have just experienced. We’re at a moment right now where the weather is getting warmer and the vine starts to grow. It is this rise in temperature that wakes up the sap in the roots, start to flow through the vine, and make them "cry" as we say. [when you see sap dripping from previously pruned parts of the vine]. And following that, the sap will make the buds come out. In these buds, there is water and it is the cells present in the buds that risk freezing when the temperature drops too much. 

The vine can freeze depending on the temperature but it also depends on the vegetative stage of the bud. In fact, the more the vine grows, the less it resists temperatures. For example, a bud that has just emerged with its protective layer can withstand temperatures down to -3 or -4 degrees Celsius (25 degrees F) . But if temperatures drop too low, then it is possible for the buds to freeze and significantly reduce the crop.  

At the moment, and fortunately, the vineyard is not very advanced. But note that it depends on the sector. Some of our vines are more advanced than others.

2) What are the techniques used  to avoid frost?

The first thing is to have a good agricultural sense. The thing to do is to know the so-called prophylactic methods. To make it simple, we will try to prune the vine as late as possible so that the vine will bud as late as possible -  because the more we wait, the more chance of good weather. And if the vine is in “cotton” [where the buds still have their protective covering that looks like cotton balls], it does not risk anything. 

At the domaine, we have 3 people for every 8 hectares. It is therefore difficult to prune everything in 15 days in February (even if it would be ideal). Pruning is one of the tasks that takes us the most time throughout the year in the vineyard. We try not to prune before mid-December. 

Then, you also have to control the grass. If there is too much grass between the rows, it will be in contact with the buds and there will be much more chance that the buds will freeze because there will be too much humidity. 

Finally, we can play with the pruning dates according to the vines’ location by pruning the most precocious vines last. For example, Meursault 1er Cru Poruzot, which is located on the hillside of Meursault, is often our earliest-developing vineyard and is therefore the one that is harvested first. It is important to have a good sense in the choice of pruning schedules according to the different parcels of the domaine. Basically, we want to prune the latest vines as early as possible and the earliest vines as late as possible.

In terms of direct protection measures, we can mention some of them: ridging, water spraying.. but we have bet on moving air with windmills as well as heating with candles and, for the first time, tarpaulins. 

We put candles in the early vines like Perrières and Meursault Village, as well as a wind turbine to aerate Meursault Charmes that we bought with several other wine growers. We also tried for the first time to put a winter cover on to test. But as the vines did not really freeze, we cannot make a comparison to know if it worked or not. 

Disadvantages: the candles are polluting and expensive (note minimum of 10 euros per candle) and we in Meursault have to cover between 300 and 600 hectares minimum; therefore it is a real investment. It would be necessary to find other solutions which pollute less but for the moment we don’t really have them. 

3) Is climate change the cause? 

Spring frosts are partly the consequence of climate change and extreme weather shifts: when it seems like winter is over and the weather gets nice (up to 20 degrees=68F), the vine will grow rapidly. This is also the case for fruit trees and flowers. The high temperatures make nature wake up and start to grow, but then in that vulnerable state, suddenly the temperature drops and we have these dangerous moments.

4) Finally, last week's freeze, more fear than harm? 

Yes, fortunately more fear than harm. We are quite early in the season and the vines are not very budded (again, it depends on the sector). The pinot noir grape variety for example is quite late as well as the rest of the reds which are generally very late. But for the vines on the hillsides which develop a little faster, it can be more constraining. But we are still early in the season and the vines have not grown as much and are therefore less at risk.

Even if it froze on Sunday morning and especially on Monday morning, we were lucky that the days before, the weather was rather nice and windy, so it allowed us to have rather dry conditions and not to freeze the buds. In previous years, freezing was often due to rain the day before or to wet soil, and the humidity went up on the vines and crystallized the buds, thus freezing them. 

In Meursault in any case, more fear than harm, but it is only the beginning of the spring season and the vines are just starting to grow - we are crossing our fingers that we don't have another frost episode. 

Last year, the frost was very present. The domaine lost more than 60% of our harvest, which is quite rare. The vineyard was more at risk because it was at a more advanced vegetative stage and it had snowed the days before to the extent of 2 or 3 cm (1.18 in) of snow. The magnification of the sun’s rays on the frosted vegetation burned the cells of the vine leaves of the young shoots which is what destroyed all the vines, especially those on the hillside and particularly the chardonnay. But for this year, we cross our fingers for beautiful days to come!

Legend Dominique Lafon Officially Retires

After nearly 40 years at the helm of Domaine des Comtes Lafon, Dominique Lafon has hung the pipette and has officially retired from his function as winemaker of the legendary domaine. His daughter Léa and his nephew Pierre are the new generation in charge of the iconic estate. Dominique launched a separate négociant business in 2008 under the label “Dominique Lafon” and he will focus on that project from now on. The Lafon family established itself in Meursault as far back as the late 19th century. Back then, it was Jules Lafon, Dominique’s great grandfather, who was wise enough to buy some of the best plots in the appellation, including a spot in the supreme Montrachet Grand Cru.

Dominique certainly inherited a prime domaine but his personality, talent and hard work proved that he was the right person to take over in the early 1980’s. Always questioning himself, he continually experimented and faced challenges such as the tricky premature oxidation white Burgundy started to struggle with thirty years ago. His honesty and open mind pushed him to consistently try to tweak details here and there. For example, Dominique decided to switch to biodynamic practices entirely. He also switched to using exclusively Diam corks for the whole production with the 2013 vintage. A visionary, he was also among the first ones to look outside of his hometown of Meursault, starting with the southern tip of Burgundy where, in 1999, he bought great parcels in the Maconnais where his wine label “Héritiers du Comte Lafon” still produces delicious and zippy whites. Dominique also consulted for wineries around the world, in Oregon for example, at Evening Land and more recently with MS Larry Stone of Lingua Franca.

Our team decided to honor the man with a wine dinner last week and to change things up a bit, we thought of pairing his Meursault and Volnay with the superb food of Korean joint Atoboy. The lineup was very successful and flawless.

The three first courses were built on three verticals of 2012, 2009 and 2007. First with Charmes, then Genevrières and finally the unmistakable Perrières.

Overall, I was particularly impressed with the 09’s. Such a warm year typically meant Chardonnays that lacked acidity and freshness. Not at Lafon. all three Meursault were really clean and airy without great texture. 2012 is a strange vintage for white Burgundy and impossible to judge as a general style for the region. Although, if there is one common thing to say for all producers is that they struggle with challenging weather conditions, reducing their yields dramatically. Once again here, Lafon struck gold with wines that are singing and pure. The Genevrières really displayed the floral tones it is famous for.

Finally, 2007 kept its promise of a great vintage. I adored the mouth watering quality of the wine where the acidity makes you salivate but the sugar immediately coats your palate, leaving an irresistible fruity, candy feeling.

It was also a fascinating educational experience to distinguish the difference between Charmes, Genevrières and Perrières in such an ideal context.

Moving on to the reds, the focus was on the 2009 vintage, covering three Volnay climats: Champans, Clos des Chenes and Santenots du Milieu. Once again, each climat was true to its identity, with Champans exhibiting a lighter profile and delicious small red fruits, Clos des Chenes perfectly balanced and aromatic while Santenots, the “hybrid” climat that also covers the Meursault appellation, was tighter and more tannic.

Celebrating La Paulée de Meursault "At Home"

November 11, 2020

Les Trois Glorieuses (Three Glorious Days) is the November trilogy of events in Burgundy beginning with the wine auction at the Hospices de Beaune followed by a dinner at the Clos Vougeot and culminating in La Paulée de Meursault, the famous BYOB lunch in the Château de Meursault that normally hosts around 750 guests but sadly had to be canceled this year.

In honor of the event that inspired our own Paulées de New York & San Francisco, we are drinking Meursault all week!

Follow us on Instagram to see what bottles we (and some special friends from Meursault) are opening.

La Paulée @lapaulee
Daniel @danieljohnnes
Jaime @jwestd
Max @maxgoldbergliu
Edouard @sommbody
Raj @rajvine
Justine @ju_puaud
Eléonore @eleonore_lafarge

What's Pressoir Drinking?

August 1, 2020

by Raj Vaidya

I recently passed a milestone birthday, and nothing makes an aging former sommelier feel younger than noting that the wines of his birth vintage are starting to decline, because I certainly feel healthier and more fit than most red Burgundy from 1980. ‘80 was a slyly great vintage for a long time, underestimated by many in the 80’s but appreciated by those in the know. Today, most of the reds are slowly coming apart. But the whites from the vintage are largely panned as mediocre in the best cases, terrifically bad in the worst. And so though I had a number of red Burgs I wanted to enjoy with friends of the same age this year, my one bottle of white Burgundy was something I placed very little value on. As it turns out, a very nice surprise awaited me…

I once asked Dominique Lafon about his memories of the Domaine des Comtes Lafon before he took over in the early 80’s, and he shared one with me which stuck out as hilarious and quite telling. Sometime in the late 70’s, he observed a member of the team putting a bin full of fairly botrytised grapes (the same mold that is found in Sauternes to make sweet wines) into a vat and asked him why he hadn’t sorted out the unfit, rotten berries. The fellow replied, “kid, to make a great wine, you need one third perfectly ripe fruit for the longevity, one third underripe fruit for the acidity, and one third botrytised grapes for the sugar concentration!” This hilarious (and today heretical) statement offers a window into common wisdom in the winemaking of the past.

Sure enough, this bottle had a fair bit of botrytis, and upon first opening it all of us present had to comment that it was surprisingly fresh, a very healthy bottle for its age and poor vintage pedigree. But it held a great deal more in store, and as the evening progressed it gained in volume, and in precision and salinity till it reached a plateau which was truly marvelous. Lemon curd, oyster shell and grassy aromas and flavors appeared, seemingly from out of nowhere. The length of the palate grew with air also, furthering our surprise and pleasure. That botrytis concentrates sugars, and thereby ripeness in a wine is well understood, but what I realized from this wine was that the botrytis concentrates everything; by allowing the water in the juice to evaporate the concentration of not only the sugars but the acids rise as well. If you squint at the less than ideal picture I managed to take on this hot evening in Tribeca, you can notice an (empty) tin of caviar through the glass sitting on the table. It was the perfect pairing!

Domaine des Comtes Lafon Meursault 1er Cru “Goutte d’Or” 1980

What's Pressoir Cooking? Summer Cooking from Empire Farm with Chef Daniel Boulud

June 30, 2020
by Jaime Dutton

We had a great experience last week at Empire Farm in the Hudson Valley where we filmed a 3-episode series with American Express. We were introduced to the FarmOn! Foundation, an organization that works to provide educational programming at the farm, promotes independent Hudson Valley farmers and Farm to Table initiatives.

We were in the kitchen with Daniel Johnnes and Chef Daniel Boulud talking summer cooking and summer sipping wines. Daniel selected a Burgundy and a Champagne to go with each of the 3 dishes that Chef Daniel cooked.

Inspiration came in many forms but a few moments stood out!

Outdoor grilling is key during the summer months. Gas and charcoal grills are our go-to tools to keep the heat outside.

Chef Daniel was cooking pork belly which he braised in the oven and then finished on the grill. He wanted to highlight the smoky aromas in the Chablis that Daniel had selected to pair with this dish. He lit it up when he threw handfuls of hay onto the fire – super fun and added flair to impress! The final dish was delicious – the pork belly melted in your mouth and the smoky and savory flavors were a great pairing with a 2018 Chablis from Moreau-Naudet.

Another fun moment was Chef’s summer rendition on the classic French dish, Poulet à la Mère Blanc – here he brought to the dish the fresh dairy products that are so much a part of the farming culture in the Hudson Valley. Chef cut up a whole chicken. For the sauce he used about a quart of fresh cream, 6 egg yolks and about 1.5 lbs of butter. It was incredibly delicious, maybe not what you expect when you think of light summer meals, but Chef and Daniel added the element of cooking it on an open fire, cowboy style. Taking this dish outside to the fire pit, made it all about the summer. Daniel paired a rich 2017 Meursault from Domaine Vincent Latour with the chicken.

Keep a look out for this entertaining series that will be accessible to American Express Card Members later this summer. Stay tuned.

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What's Pressoir Drinking? Domaine Coche-Dury, Meursault 2009

May 20, 2020
by Daniel Johnnes

I recently opened an extraordinary bottle of white Burgundy. There were several things about it that made it extraordinary in addition to its flavor. It was from the warm 2009 vintage. I was a little reticent about opening it, fearing it might display some of the heat of the vintage and lack zip. It was a village level wine and I was in the mood for a higher appellation such as premier cru or grand cru. Yet, in both cases, it performed better than many wines in those situations. It was fresh, focused and vibrant. It tasted higher than its classification. And it proves why Coche-Dury is such a reliable performer.

This was Meursault AC 2009. In fact, it was from the “Vireuils Dessus” parcelle which is high elevation and always bright. The warm vintage may have rounded it off just a bit but it was not at all flabby like some 09's can be.